Vascular remodeling device

ABSTRACT

A generally spherical vascular remodeling device is permanently positionable at a junction of afferent and efferent vessels of a bifurcation having an aneurysm. After positioning the device at the junction to substantially conform the device to the shape of the junction, the device acts as a scaffolding to inhibit herniation of objects out of the aneurysm and permits perfusion to the efferent vessels. Positioning the device may include deployment and mechanical or electrolytic release from a catheter. Embolic material may be inserted in the aneurysm before or after positioning the device. The device may have a first end, a second end substantially opposite to the first end, and a plurality of polymer filaments extending between and coupled at the first end and the second end. Such devices may be football shaped, pumpkin shaped, or twisted. The device may include a plurality of polymer loops forming a generally spherical shape.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/299,266, filed Jan. 28, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present application generally relates to vascular remodeling devices and to the manner of their positioning in vessels, and, more particularly, to generally spherical remodeling devices and to the matter of their positioning at the junction of neurovascular bifurcations having an aneurysm.

2. Description of Related Art

Neurovascular or cerebral aneurysms affect about 5% of the population. Aneurysms may be located, for example, along arterial side walls (e.g., the aneurysm 10 illustrated in FIG. 1) and at arterial bifurcations (e.g., the aneurysm 20 illustrated in FIG. 2). The direction of fluid flow is generally indicated by the arrows 16, 26. The aneurysms 10, 20 each have a fundus 12, 22, a neck 14, 24, and a fundus-to-neck ratio or “neck ratio.” If the neck ratio is greater than 2 to 1 or if the neck 14, 24 is less than 4 mm, the aneurysm 10, 20 may be treated with embolization coils alone because the coils will generally constrain themselves within the aneurysm 10, 20 without herniating into parent vessels. If the neck ratio is less than 2 to 1 or if the neck 14, 24 is greater than 4 mm, the aneurysms 10, 20 may be difficult to treat with embolization coils alone because the coils may be prone to herniating into parent vessels, as illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. Herniation of coils may cause arterial occlusion, stroke, and/or death. Compared to the bifurcation illustrated in FIG. 2, the efferent vessels of the bifurcation may be at substantially different angles, have substantially different sizes, and/or be a different quantity (e.g., three or more). Compared to the bifurcation illustrated in FIG. 2, the aneurysm 20 of the bifurcation may be offset with respect to the junction (e.g., having a neck substantially open to one efferent vessel), tilted with respect to a plane created by the vessels (e.g., into or out of the page), etc. Each of these would still be accurately characterized as a “bifurcation” herein.

In order to inhibit such herniation, tubular neck remodeling devices, for example Neuroform™, available from Boston Scientific, and Enterprise™, available from Cordis Neurovascular, may be used to keep coils or other materials within the fundus of the aneurysm and out of the vessels. Tubular remodeling devices generally consist of a braided wire or cut metallic stent or stents covering the neck of the aneurysm so that materials introduced into the fundus of the aneurysm do not herniate out of the aneurysm. As illustrated in FIG. 4A, tubular remodeling devices 40 are generally useful for side wall aneurysms 10. As illustrated in FIGS. 4B and 4C, tubular remodeling devices 42, 44 are generally less useful for aneurysms 20 at bifurcations, for example because shaping the remodeling devices to preserve blood flow through the afferent and efferent vessels while also inhibiting herniation of coils 28 out of the aneurysm 20 can be difficult.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments described herein, a generally spherical vascular remodeling device is provided. The device is permanently positionable at a junction of afferent and efferent vessels of a bifurcation (e.g., a neurovascular bifurcation) having an aneurysm having a fundus and a neck. Positioning may comprise deployment from a catheter and mechanical or electrolytic release from the catheter. After positioning the device at the junction, the device can lock into place across the arterial ostia and the neck of the aneurysm, substantially conforming to the shape of the junction. After positioning the device at the junction, the device acts as a scaffolding to inhibit or prevent herniation or prolapse of objects such as embolization coils and thrombi out of the neck of the aneurysm. Embolic material may be inserted in the fundus of the aneurysm before or after positioning the device. After positioning the device at the junction, the device permits perfusion of fluid (e.g., blood) to the efferent vessels. The device may have a first end, a second end substantially opposite to the first end, and a plurality of polymer filaments extending between and coupled at the first end and the second end. Certain such devices may be football shaped, pumpkin shaped, or twisted. The polymer filaments may comprise bioabsorbable polymers (e.g., polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly-epsilon-caprolactone, and/or naturally-derived bioabsorbable polymers). The device may comprise a plurality of loops (e.g., circular loops) or filaments forming a generally spherical shape, each loop comprising a bioabsorbable polymer (e.g., polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly-epsilon-caprolactone, and/or naturally-derived bioabsorbable polymers). Radiopaque markers may be placed at one or both ends of the device and/or at least one of the loops or filaments may comprise a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In certain embodiments, a method of treating an aneurysm at a junction of a bifurcation having an afferent vessel and efferent vessels is provided. The aneurysm has a neck and a fundus. The method comprises advancing a catheter proximate to the junction of the bifurcation. The catheter at least partially contains a generally spherical vascular remodeling device in a compressed state. The device comprises a plurality of polymer filaments. The method further comprises positioning the device at the junction of the bifurcation and withdrawing the catheter and leaving the device at the junction of the bifurcation. The device acts as a scaffolding to inhibit herniation of objects out of the neck of the aneurysm after withdrawal of the delivery catheter. The device permits perfusion of fluid to the efferent vessels.

In certain embodiments, a generally spherical remodeling device comprises a first end, a second end substantially opposite to the first end, and a plurality of polymer filaments extending between the first end and the second end and coupled at the first end and the second end. The device is configured to be positioned at a junction of a bifurcation comprising at least one afferent vessel, efferent vessels, and an aneurysm having a neck after withdrawal of a delivery catheter. The device is configured to act as a scaffolding to inhibit herniation of objects out of the neck of the aneurysm. The device is configured to permit perfusion of fluid to the efferent vessels.

In certain embodiments, a remodeling device comprising a plurality of polymer arcuate loops forming a generally spherical shape is provided. The device is configured to be positioned at a junction of a bifurcation having an aneurysm after withdrawal of a delivery catheter. The device is configured to act as a scaffolding to inhibit matter from herniating out of the aneurysm. The device is configured to permit perfusion of blood to efferent vessels of the bifurcation.

For purposes of summarizing the invention and the advantages achieved over the prior art, certain objects and advantages of the invention are described herein. Of course, it is to be understood that not necessarily all such objects or advantages need to be achieved in accordance with any particular embodiment. Thus, for example, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be embodied or carried out in a manner that achieves or optimizes one advantage or group of advantages as taught or suggested herein without necessarily achieving other objects or advantages as may be taught or suggested herein.

All of these embodiments are intended to be within the scope of the invention herein disclosed. These and other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description having reference to the attached figures, the invention not being limited to any particular disclosed embodiment(s).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure are described with reference to the drawings of certain embodiments, which are intended to illustrate certain embodiments and not to limit the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example embodiment of a side wall aneurysm.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example embodiment of a bifurcation having an aneurysm.

FIG. 3A illustrates an example embodiment of a side wall aneurysm with herniating embolization coils.

FIG. 3B illustrates an example embodiment of a bifurcation having an aneurysm with herniating embolization coils.

FIG. 4A illustrates an example embodiment of a side wall aneurysm treated with embolization coils and a tubular remodeling device.

FIGS. 4B and 4C illustrates example embodiments of a bifurcation having an aneurysm treated with embolization coils and tubular remodeling devices.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate an example embodiment of a method for treating an aneurysm using the device of FIG. 5.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate another example embodiment of a method for treating an aneurysm using the device of FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 illustrates another example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device.

FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate an example embodiment of a method for treating an aneurysm using the device of FIG. 8.

FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate another example embodiment of a method for treating an aneurysm using the device of FIG. 8.

FIG. 11 illustrates yet another example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example embodiment of treating an aneurysm using the device of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 illustrates still another example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device at a stage of an example manufacturing process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Although certain embodiments and examples are described below, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments and/or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the invention herein disclosed should not be limited by any particular embodiments described below.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device 50. It will be appreciated that the device 50 may be more compliant than the vasculature in which it is deployed such that it may be somewhat misshapen (e.g., non-spherical, for example as illustrated in FIG. 6B) after being deployed, and that the phrase “generally spherical” describes the shape of the device 50 when in an expanded (e.g., fully expanded) state. Additionally, the phrase “generally spherical” distinguishes the device 50, which is generally uniform in each dimension in an expanded state, from tubular stents having a small radial dimension and a large longitudinal dimension in an expanded state. In some embodiments of a generally spherical device, an outer periphery of the device has a shape that deviates by between about 10% and about 25% from an outer periphery of a mathematically perfect sphere. In some embodiments, the device 50 has a length and a width that are within less than about 33% of each other (e.g., having a length of 6 mm and a width of 8 mm, having a length of 6 mm and a width of 8 mm). Embodiments in which the width is greater than the length may be advantageous due to a difference in porosity at a midpoint and an end proximate to an aneurysm. Embodiments in which the length is greater than the width may be advantageous for positioning a portion of the device 50 in a portion of the aneurysm 20 (e.g., to aid in embolization).

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the device 50 comprises a plurality of generally circular loops 52 coupled together. Coupling of the loops 52 may comprise adhering, welding, soldering, interlacing (e.g., some loops 52 being over or under other loops 52), intertwining, meshing, combinations thereof, and the like. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the device 50 comprises a lead or tail 53, which may be used for releasing and/or retracting the device 50 after deployment, as described herein. In some embodiments, the device 50 comprises a cut metallic sphere, a single filament, a plurality of non-circular filaments (e.g., arcuate segments), etc. In some embodiments, each loop 52 forms a plane and the intersections of the planes are substantially parallel (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 7A).

In some embodiments, at least some of the loops 52 or filaments comprise a self-expanding and/or a shape-memory material (e.g., comprising Nitinol, CoCr alloy, etc.), thereby causing the device 50 to be self-expanding under certain conditions (e.g., not restrained by a catheter). In some embodiments, at least one of the loops 52 comprises a different material than others of the loops 52 (e.g., some loops 52 comprising Nitinol and some loops 52 comprising Nitinol and platinum). In some embodiments, at least one of the loops 52 comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In certain such embodiments, an even number of loops 52 (e.g., two, four, etc.) comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In some embodiments, at least one of the loops 52 comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum) at least partially wrapped (e.g., coiled) around a self-expanding material (e.g., Nitinol). In some embodiments, at least one of the loops 52 comprises a self-expanding material with a radiopaque core (e.g., Nitinol with a platinum core) or a radiopaque coating (e.g., Nitinol coated with platinum, tantalum, etc. by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plating, etc.). It will be appreciated that the amount and type of radiopaque material used may depend, inter alia, on price, desired level of radiopacity, mechanical properties of the radiopaque material, and corrosion properties of the radiopaque material. In certain embodiments, the loops 52 have a substantially circular or ovoid cross section (e.g., embodiments, in which the loops 52 comprise separate wires). In some embodiments, the loops 52 have a substantially rectangular or flat cross section (e.g., embodiments, in which the loops 52 comprise uncut portions of a metallic tube). Other shapes of loops 52 and combinations of shapes of loops 52 are also possible. In certain embodiments, the plurality of loops 52 comprises between about six and about twelve loops 52. In certain embodiments, the plurality of loops 52 comprises at least about six loops 52, at least about eight loops 52, or at least about twelve loops 52. Other numbers of loops 52 are also possible.

In certain embodiments, at least some of the loops 52 or filaments comprise a polymer. In some embodiments, at least some of the loops 52 or filaments comprise a polymer that is bioabsorbable. In certain embodiments, at least some of the loops 52 or filaments comprise polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), naturally-derived bioabsorbable polymers (NDB), or combinations thereof (e.g., a first group of the loops 52 comprising PGA and a second group of the loops 52 comprising PLA, PLGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the loops 52 comprising PLA and a second group of the loops 52 comprising PGA, PLGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the loops 52 comprising PLGA and a second group of the loops 52 comprising PLA, PGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the loops 52 comprising PCL and a second group of the loops 52 comprising PGA, PLA, PLGA, and/or NDB, a first group of the loops 52 comprising NDB and a second group of the loops 52 comprising PGA, PLA, PLGA, and/or PCL, etc.). Other polymers are also possible. PGA, PLA, PLGA, PCL, and NDB are all bioabsorbable; however they have different rates of bioabsorption. The bioabsorption rates of a single polymer can also vary based on, for example, blood characteristics, blood flow, loop 52 dimensions, etc. PLA has the longest bioabsorption rate. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about ten months. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about one year. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about fourteen months. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is between about 10 months and about 14 months (e.g., about one year). In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PGA is between about 1 week and about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PGA is between about 2 weeks and about 4 weeks. The bioabsorption rates of PLGA, PCL, and NDB are generally between the bioabsorption rates of PLA and PGA, and may depend on parameters such as, for example, molecular weight (e.g., generally the higher the molecular weight, the longer the bioabsorption rate), structure (e.g., depending on the arrangement of repeating units), etc. of the polymer. In some embodiments, PLGA, PCL, and NDB may have a bioabsorption rate between about 4 weeks and about 1 year. The bioabsorption rate generally refers to the time lose about 50% of strength. The polymer(s) used in the device 50 may be selected based on the amount of time an aneurysm may take to thrombose (e.g., based on fundus size, neck width, etc.). For example, if an aneurysm is expected to take one month to thrombose and the device 50 is expected to persist through thrombosis but not long thereafter, PGA may be selected. The polymer(s) used in the device 50 may be selected based on the amount of time an aneurysm may take to obliterate (e.g., based on fundus size, neck width, etc.). For example, if an aneurysm is expected to take one year to obliterate and the device 50 is expected to persist through obliteration, PLA may be selected. Other polymers or combinations of polymers can be selected based on the particular aneurysm to be treated and the desired action and/or persistence of the device 50 with respect to the aneurysm. Other selection criteria are also possible. Different combinations of polymers with different rates of bioabsorption can allow for selection of a desired rate of bioabsorption for the device 50. For example, a device 50 with a combination of PGA and PLA loops 52 may have a rate of bioabsorption in between the rate of bioabsorption of a device 50 comprising only loops 52 comprising PGA and the rate of bioabsorption of a device 50 comprising only loops 52 comprising PLA.

In certain embodiments, the device 50 is configured to be positioned at a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., a neurovascular bifurcation) comprising at least one afferent vessel, efferent vessels, and an aneurysm having a fundus and a neck. For example, in some embodiments, the device 50 is suitably dimensioned to fit in a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., having a diameter between about 2 mm and about 12 mm, having a diameter between about 6 mm and about 8 mm, having a diameter less than about 12 mm, having a diameter greater than about 2 mm). For another example, in some embodiments, the device 50 is less rigid than a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., due to the number of loops 52, the material of the loops 52, the thickness of the loops 52, the spacing of the loops 52, the shape of the loops 52, combinations thereof, and the like). In certain embodiments, the device 50 is configured to act as a scaffolding to inhibit or prevent herniation or prolapse of objects (e.g., embolization coils, thrombi, etc.) out of a neck of an aneurysm. For example, in some embodiments, the loops 52 are dense enough at the neck of the aneurysm that objects cannot pass. In certain embodiments, the device 50 is configured to permit perfusion of fluid (e.g., blood) to efferent vessels of a bifurcation. For example, in some embodiments, the device 50 is substantially devoid of a covering, mesh, or other material between the loops 52, thereby allowing fluid to flow substantially unimpeded.

The device 50 comprises a plurality of perforations or cells 54 between the loops 52. In certain embodiments, a percentage of the outer surface of the device 50 covered by the loops 52 is between about 25% and about 40%. In certain embodiments, a percentage of the outer surface of the device 50 covered by the cells 54 is between about 60% and about 75%. Other porosities are also possible. In some embodiments (e.g., in embodiments in which the device 50 comprises loops 52 that form a plane and in which the intersections of the planes are substantially parallel (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 7A)), porosity distally increases between a proximal end of the device 50 and an approximate midpoint and distally decreases between the approximate midpoint and a distal end of the device 50. In some embodiments, the device 50 further comprises one or more radiopaque markers (e.g., comprising or at least partially covering a portion of a loop 52, at a proximal end of the device 50, at a distal end of the device 50, etc.).

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate an example embodiment of a method for treating an aneurysm 20 using the device 50. FIG. 6A illustrates a confluence of afferent and efferent vessels or “junction” at a bifurcation 60 having an aneurysm 20. In some embodiments, the vessels are neurovascular or cranial. The aneurysm 20 is illustrated with a plurality of embolization coils 62 having been inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20. It will be appreciated that the embolization coils 62 may be a single embolization coil or other embolic material. A catheter 64 (e.g., a microcatheter), at least partially containing a constricted or compressed device 50, is also shown in the afferent vessel. The catheter 64 is small enough and flexible enough to be routed through the vasculature and situated proximate to the aneurysm 20. In some embodiments, the embolization coils 62 are inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 using the catheter 64. In some embodiments, the embolization coils 62 are inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 using a different catheter. In certain such embodiments, a guidewire may be used to guide both catheters.

FIG. 6B illustrates the bifurcation 60 after the device 50 has been deployed from the catheter 64 (e.g., by being pushed out with a plunger, by retracting the catheter 64 while the device 50 remains stationary, etc.). After being deployed from the catheter 64, the device 50 may expand. In some embodiments, the device 50 comprises a self-expanding and/or a shape-memory material that automatically expands towards an uncompressed state or does so upon the application of warm fluid (e.g., saline). The device 50 may substantially conform to the shape of the junction of the bifurcation 60 (e.g., not substantially including portions extending into the afferent and efferent vessels) and locks into place across the ostia of the afferent and efferent vessels and the neck 24 of the aneurysm 20. The device 50 at least partially covers the neck 24 of the aneurysm 20 as well as the afferent and efferent vessels, but does not need to divert flow. The device 50 acts as a scaffolding to inhibit or prevent herniation or prolapse of objects such as the embolization coils 62 and/or thrombi out of the aneurysm 24. The device 50 also allows perfusion of fluid (e.g., blood) from the afferent vessel(s) to the efferent vessel(s).

FIG. 6C illustrates the bifurcation 60 after the device 50 has been released from the catheter 64. In some embodiments, the device 50 is released mechanically (e.g., by a release mechanism). In some embodiments, the device 50 is released electrolytically (e.g., by applying a small current until a portion of the tail 53 proximal to the device 50 corrodes away, as illustrated by the gap 65). The catheter 64 is then withdrawn from the bifurcation 60, thereby leaving or permanently positioning the device 50 at the junction of the bifurcation 60.

It will be appreciated that the term “permanently” does not mean that the device 50 is impossible to remove at a later time. In some embodiments, the device 50 may be retracted into the catheter 64 after being deployed from the catheter 64 (e.g., by pulling on the tail 53). The device 50 may then be deployed, for example at a new angle, at a new rotational position, more proximal or distal to an afferent vessel and/or an efferent vessel, etc. For example, although the device 50 expands towards an uncompressed state after deployment, the resulting shape of the device 50 at the junction of the bifurcation 60 may vary depending on the details of the deployment from the catheter 64 because the device 50 adapts to the shape of the anatomy (e.g., due to the size, shape, number, etc. of the loops 52). Once the user is satisfied with properties of the device 50 (e.g., position, tilt, rotation, shape, interaction with the vessels, etc.), the device 50 may be released as described herein.

Combinations of the steps described above are also possible. In some embodiments, the embolization coils 62 may be inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 after the device 50 has been deployed from the catheter 64 (e.g., using the catheter 64 to insert the embolization coils 62). In some embodiments, the embolization coils 62 may be inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 after the device 50 has been released from the catheter 64 (e.g., using the catheter 64 to insert the embolization coils 62).

In certain embodiments, the loops 52 or filaments comprise a bioabsorbable polymer. This bioabsorbability can be advantageous in conjunction with permanent placement of the device 50. For example, after thrombosis of the aneurysm following treatment, the device 50 may no longer be needed to inhibit herniation of material. Certain bioabsorbable embodiments of the device 50 may advantageously inhibit herniation during thrombosis of the aneurysm, but bioabsorb when they may no longer be needed to inhibit herniation. This can make permanent placement, or release of the device 50, a less consequential procedure as a device 50 comprising bioabsorbable filaments 52 will not remain in the vasculature permanently.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate another example embodiment of a method for treating an aneurysm 20 using the device 50. In the method described with respect to FIGS. 6A-6C, the device 50 was pre-assembled outside of the vasculature prior to positioning. By contrast, in the method described with respect to FIGS. 7A-7C, the device 50 is introduced piecemeal and is constructed within the patient at the bifurcation 60. FIG. 7A illustrates a first loop 66 and a second loop 68 positioned across the neck 24 of the aneurysm 20 and the ostia of the afferent and efferent vessels. In some embodiments, the first loop 66 is positioned and the second loop 68 is then positioned inside the first loop 66. In some embodiments, a plane defined by the positioned first loop 66 is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the neck 24 of the aneurysm 20 and a plane defined by the positioned second loop 68 is substantially perpendicular to the plane of the neck 24 of the aneurysm 20. In certain embodiments, the first loop 66 and the second loop 68 are positioned via deployment from a same catheter. In certain embodiments, the first loop 66 is positioned via deployment from a first catheter, the second loop 68 is positioned via deployment from a second catheter, and so on. In some embodiments, the device 50 is not released from a catheter, but each loop 52 is released (e.g., mechanically, electrolytically, etc.) from a catheter. FIG. 7B illustrates the device 50 after it has been fully constructed by positioning additional loops 52. Embolization coils 62 may be inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 prior to construction of the device 50, for example as described above with respect to FIG. 6A, or after construction of the device 50 (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 7C).

Combinations of methods described herein are also possible. For example, a partially constructed device 50 may be positioned at the junction of the bifurcation 60, and then the device 50 may be fully constructed at the junction of the bifurcation 60. In certain such embodiments, a partially constructed device 50 having some missing loops 52 may allow better access to the aneurysm 20 for easier placement of the embolization coils 62.

FIG. 8 illustrates another example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device 80. It will be appreciated that the device 80 may be more compliant than the vasculature in which it is deployed such that it may be somewhat misshapen (e.g., non-spherical, for example as illustrated in FIG. 9B) after being deployed, and that the phrase “generally spherical” describes the shape of the device 80 when in an expanded (e.g., fully expanded) state. Additionally, the phrase “generally spherical” distinguishes the device 80, which is generally uniform in each dimension in an expanded state, from tubular stents having a small radial dimension and a large longitudinal dimension in an expanded state. In some embodiments of a generally spherical device, an outer periphery of the device has a shape that deviates by between about 10% and about 25% from an outer periphery of a mathematically perfect sphere. In some embodiments, the device 80 has a length and a width that are within less than about 33% of each other (e.g., having a length of 6 mm and a width of 8 mm, having a length of 6 mm and a width of 8 mm). Embodiments in which the width is greater than the length may be advantageous due to a difference in porosity at a midpoint and an end proximate to an aneurysm. Embodiments in which the length is greater than the width may be advantageous for positioning a portion of the device 80 in a portion of the aneurysm 20 (e.g., to aid in embolization).

The device 80 comprises a first or distal end 81 and a second or proximal end 82 substantially opposite the first end 81. The device 80 further comprises a plurality of filaments 84 extending between the first end 81 and the second end 82. The first end 81 extends outwardly and the second end 82 extends outwardly to form a generally spherical (e.g., oval or oblong) shape similar to a football, a rugby ball, or a watermelon. In certain embodiments, the filaments 84 are coupled at the first end 81 and/or the second end 82 (e.g., by adhering, welding, soldering, combinations thereof, and the like). In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8, the device 80 comprises a lead or tail 83, which may be used for releasing and/or retracting the device 80 after deployment, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the device 80 comprises a cut metallic sphere, a single filament, etc.

In certain embodiments, the device 80 is configured to be positioned at a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., a neurovascular bifurcation) comprising at least one afferent vessel, efferent vessels, and an aneurysm having a fundus and a neck. For example, in some embodiments, the device 80 is suitably dimensioned to fit in a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., having a diameter between about 2 mm and about 12 mm, having a diameter between about 6 mm and about 8 mm, having a diameter less than about 12 mm, having a diameter greater than about 2 mm). For another example, in some embodiments, the device 80 is less rigid than a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., due to the number of filaments 84, the material of the filaments 84, the thickness of the filaments 84, the spacing of the filaments 84, the shape of the filaments 84, combinations thereof, and the like). In certain embodiments, the device 80 is configured to act as a scaffolding to inhibit or prevent herniation or prolapse of objects (e.g., embolization coils, thrombi, etc.) out of a neck of an aneurysm. For example, in some embodiments, the filaments 84 are dense enough at the neck of the aneurysm that objects cannot pass. In certain embodiments, the device 80 is configured to permit perfusion of fluid (e.g., blood) to efferent vessels of a bifurcation. For example, in some embodiments, the device 80 is substantially devoid of a covering, mesh, or other material between the filaments 84, thereby allowing fluid to flow substantially unimpeded.

In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a self-expanding and/or a shape-memory material (e.g., comprising Nitinol, CoCr alloy, etc.), thereby causing the device 80 to be self-expanding under certain conditions (e.g., not restrained by a catheter). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a different material than others of the filaments 84 (e.g., some filaments 84 comprising Nitinol and some filaments 84 comprising Nitinol and platinum). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In certain such embodiments, an even number of filaments 84 (e.g., two, four, etc.) comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum) at least partially wrapped (e.g., coiled) around a self-expanding material (e.g., Nitinol). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a self-expanding material with a radiopaque core (e.g., Nitinol with a platinum core) or a radiopaque coating (e.g., Nitinol coated with platinum, tantalum, etc. by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plating, etc.). It will be appreciated that the amount and type of radiopaque material used may depend, inter alia, on price, desired level of radiopacity, mechanical properties of the radiopaque material, and corrosion properties of the radiopaque material. In certain embodiments, the filaments 84 have a substantially circular or ovoid cross section (e.g., embodiments, in which the filaments 84 comprise separate wires). In some embodiments, the filaments 84 have a substantially rectangular or flat cross section (e.g., embodiments, in which the filaments 84 comprise uncut portions of a metallic tube, as described below). Other shapes of filaments 84 and combinations of shapes of filaments 84 are also possible. In certain embodiments, the plurality of filaments 84 comprises between about six and about twelve filaments 84. In certain embodiments, the plurality of filaments 84 comprises at least about six filaments 84, at least about eight filaments 84, or at least about twelve filaments 84. Other numbers of filaments 84 are also possible.

In certain embodiments, at least some of the filaments 84 comprise a polymer. In some embodiments, at least some of the filaments 84 comprise a polymer that is bioabsorbable. In certain embodiments, at least some of the filaments 84 comprise polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), naturally-derived bioabsorbable polymers (NDB), or combinations thereof (e.g., a first group of the filaments 84 comprising PGA and a second group of the filaments 84 comprising PLA, PLGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 84 comprising PLA and a second group of the filaments 84 comprising PGA, PLGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 84 comprising PLGA and a second group of the filaments 84 comprising PLA, PGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 84 comprising PCL and a second group of the filaments 84 comprising PGA, PLA, PLGA, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 84 comprising NDB and a second group of the filaments 84 comprising PGA, PLA, PLGA, and/or PCL, etc.). Other polymers are also possible. PGA, PLA, PLGA, PCL, and NDB are all bioabsorbable; however they have different rates of bioabsorption. The bioabsorption rates of a single polymer can also vary based on, for example, blood characteristics, blood flow, filament 84 dimensions, etc. PLA has the longest bioabsorption rate. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about ten months. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about one year. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about fourteen months. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is between about 10 months and about 14 months (e.g., about one year). In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PGA is between about 1 week and about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PGA is between about 2 weeks and about 4 weeks. The bioabsorption rates of PLGA, PCL, and NDB are generally between the bioabsorption rates of PLA and PGA, and may depend on parameters such as, for example, molecular weight (e.g., generally the higher the molecular weight, the longer the bioabsorption rate), structure (e.g., depending on the arrangement of repeating units), etc. of the polymer. In some embodiments, PLGA, PCL, and NDB may have a bioabsorption rate between about 4 weeks and about 1 year. The bioabsorption rate generally refers to the time lose about 50% of strength. The polymer(s) used in the device 80 may be selected based on the amount of time an aneurysm may take to thrombose (e.g., based on fundus size, neck width, etc.). For example, if an aneurysm is expected to take one month to thrombose and the device 80 is expected to persist through thrombosis but not long thereafter, PGA may be selected. The polymer(s) used in the device 80 may be selected based on the amount of time an aneurysm may take to obliterate (e.g., based on fundus size, neck width, etc.). For example, if an aneurysm is expected to take one year to obliterate and the device 80 is expected to persist through obliteration, PLA may be selected. Other polymers or combinations of polymers can be selected based on the particular aneurysm to be treated and the desired action and/or persistence of the device 80 with respect to the aneurysm. Other selection criteria are also possible. Different combinations of polymers with different rates of bioabsorption can allow for selection of a desired rate of bioabsorption for the device 80. For example, a device 80 with a combination of PGA and PLA filaments 84 may have a rate of bioabsorption in between the rate of bioabsorption of a device 80 comprising only filaments 84 comprising PGA and the rate of bioabsorption of a device 80 comprising only filaments 84 comprising PLA. In some embodiments, the coupling of the filaments 84 may also comprise a bioabsorbable polymer. For example, the filaments 84 may be coupled at the proximal end 82 of the device 80 by intertwining the bioabsorbable filaments 84 or the filaments 84 may be coupled at the proximal end 82 of the device 80 using a separate bioabsorbable component.

The device 80 comprises a plurality of perforations or cells 86 between the filaments 84. In certain embodiments, a percentage of the outer surface of the device 80 covered by the filaments 84 is between about 25% and about 40%. In certain embodiments, a percentage of the outer surface of the device 80 covered by the cells 86 is between about 60% and about 75%. Other porosities are also possible. In some embodiments, porosity distally increases between the second end 82 and an approximate midpoint (e.g., approximately at the line A-A in FIG. 8) and distally decreases between the approximate midpoint and the first end 81. For example, cross-sections taken along the lines A-A and B-B in FIG. 8 each have the same number of filaments 84, but at the cross-section A-A the filaments 84 are spaced further apart from each other than at the cross-section B-B. As an example, if the device comprises ten filaments 84 each having a thickness of 0.5 mm, the porosity at the cross-section A-A would be about 80% with an example circumference of about 25 mm: 100%×[1−(≈0.5 mm/filament×10 filaments/≈25 mm)]≈80% and the porosity at the cross-section B-B would be about 33% with an example circumference of about 7.5 mm: 100%×[1−(≈0.5 mm/filament×10 filaments/≈7.5 mm)]≈33%. High porosity proximate to a midpoint of the device 80 may provide good fluid flow to efferent vessels. Low porosity proximate to the first end 81 of the device 80 may provide good scaffolding properties.

In some embodiments, the device 80 further comprises a radiopaque marker 88 proximate to the first end 81 and/or a radiopaque marker 89 proximate to the second end 82. In certain embodiments, the radiopaque marker 88 may extend at least partially into the aneurysm 20 when the device 80 is positioned at the junction of a bifurcation. In some embodiments, the radiopaque markers 88, 89 may comprise a sleeve positioned or wrapped around the filaments 84, thereby coupling the filaments 84. The radiopaque markers 88, 89 may aid in positioning the device 80 at the junction of a bifurcation.

In some embodiments, the device 80 further comprises a covering (e.g., comprising a porous or non-porous polymer) proximate to the first end 81. In some embodiments, the covering improves the scaffolding properties of the device 80 by reducing the porosity at the first end 81, thereby further inhibiting the herniation or prolapse of embolic material from the aneurysm 20. In certain embodiments, the covering may be attached to the device 80 by sewing the covering from a pre-formed thin film. In certain embodiments, the covering may be mechanically attached (e.g., wrapped around, looped through, etc.) the filaments 84. In certain embodiments, the covering may be deposited (e.g., via physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc.) on the filaments 84. Other portions of the device 80 may also comprise a covering.

FIGS. 9A-9C illustrate an example embodiment of a method for treating an aneurysm 20 using the device 80. FIG. 9A illustrates a confluence of afferent and efferent vessels or “junction” at a bifurcation 60 having an aneurysm 20. In some embodiments, the vessels are neurovascular or cranial. The aneurysm 20 is illustrated with a plurality of embolization coils 62 having been inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20. It will be appreciated that the embolization coils 62 may be a single embolization coil or other embolic material. A catheter 92 (e.g., a microcatheter), at least partially containing a constricted or compressed device 80, is also shown in the afferent vessel. The catheter 92 is small enough and flexible enough to be routed through the vasculature and situated proximate to the aneurysm 20. In some embodiments, the embolization coils 62 are inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 using the catheter 92. In some embodiments, the embolization coils 62 are inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 using a different catheter. In certain such embodiments, a guidewire may be used to guide both catheters.

FIG. 9B illustrates the bifurcation 60 after the device 80 has been deployed from the catheter 92 (e.g., by being pushed out with a plunger, by retracting the catheter 92 while the device 80 remains stationary, etc.). After being deployed from the catheter 92, the device 80 may expand. In some embodiments, the device 80 comprises a self-expanding and/or a shape-memory material that automatically expands towards an uncompressed state or expands towards an uncompressed state upon the application of warm fluid (e.g., saline). The device 80 may substantially conform to the shape of the junction of the bifurcation 60 (e.g., not substantially including portions extending into the afferent and efferent vessels) and locks into place across the ostia of the afferent and efferent vessels and the neck 24 of the aneurysm 20. The device 80 at least partially covers the neck 24 of the aneurysm 20 as well as the afferent and efferent vessels, but does not need to divert flow. The device 80 acts as a scaffolding to inhibit or prevent herniation or prolapse of objects such as the embolization coils 62 and/or thrombi out of the aneurysm 24. The device 80 also allows perfusion of fluid (e.g., blood) from the afferent vessel(s) to the efferent vessel(s).

FIG. 9C illustrates the bifurcation 60 after the device 80 has been released from the catheter 92. In some embodiments, the device 80 is released mechanically (e.g., by a release mechanism). In some embodiments, the device 80 is released electrolytically (e.g., by applying a small current until a portion of the tail 83 proximal to the device 80 corrodes away, as illustrated by the gap 95). The catheter 92 is then withdrawn from the bifurcation 60, thereby leaving or permanently positioning the device 80 at the junction of the bifurcation 60.

It will be appreciated that the term “permanently” does not mean that the device 80 is impossible to remove at a later time. In some embodiments, the device 80 may be retracted into the catheter 92 after being deployed from the catheter 92 (e.g., by pulling on the tail 83). The device 80 may then be deployed, for example at a new angle, at a new rotational position, more proximal or distal to an afferent vessel and/or an efferent vessel, etc. For example, although the device 80 expands towards an uncompressed state after deployment, the resulting shape of the device 80 at the junction of the bifurcation 60 may vary depending on the details of the deployment from the catheter 92 because the device 80 adapts to the shape of the anatomy (e.g., due to the size, shape, number, etc. of the loops 82). Once the user is satisfied with properties of the device 80 (e.g., position, tilt, rotation, shape, interaction with the vessels, etc.), the device 80 may be released as described herein.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 9A-9C, the embolization coils 62 are inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 before the device 80 has been deployed from the catheter 92 (e.g., using the catheter 92 to insert the embolization coils 62). In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 10A-10C, the embolization coils 62 are inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 after the device 80 has been released from the catheter 92 (e.g., using the catheter 92 to insert the embolization coils 62). Combinations are also possible. For example, the embolization coils 62 may be inserted in the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 after the device 80 has been deployed from the catheter 92, but prior to the device 80 being released from the catheter 92. For another example, the embolization coils 62 may be inserted into the fundus 22 of the aneurysm 20 after the device 80 has been deployed from the catheter 92 (e.g., in a coil state), and the device 80 may be retracted and redeployed from the catheter 92 (e.g., in a final state).

In certain embodiments, the filaments 84 comprise a bioabsorbable polymer. This bioabsorbability can be advantageous in conjunction with permanent placement of the device 80. For example, after thrombosis of the aneurysm following treatment, the device 80 may no longer be needed to inhibit herniation of material. Certain bioabsorbable embodiments of the device 80 may advantageously inhibit herniation during thrombosis of the aneurysm, but bioabsorb when they may no longer be needed to inhibit herniation. In certain embodiments in which the coupling of the proximal end 82 of the device 80 comprises a bioabsorbable polymer, the coupling may absorb over time, releasing the filaments 84. Once released, the filaments 84 may extend towards and may flatten against the wall of the afferent vessel. This capability may advantageously clear the interior section of the afferent vessel, restoring normal blood flow therein (e.g., in embodiments in which the coupled proximal end may have altered blood flow). In some embodiments, this capability may clear the interior section of the afferent vessel before bioabsorption of the filament 84 is complete. In certain such embodiments, the coupling may comprise a material that bioabsorbs faster than the filaments (e.g., the coupling comprising PGA and the filaments comprising PLA). This can make permanent placement, or release of the device 80, a less consequential procedure as a device 80 comprising bioabsorbable filaments 84 will not remain in the vasculature permanently.

FIG. 11 illustrates yet another example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device 110. It will be appreciated that the device 110 may be more compliant than the vasculature in which it is deployed such that it may be somewhat misshapen (e.g., non-spherical, for example as illustrated in FIG. 12) after being deployed, and that the phrase “generally spherical” describes the shape of the device 110 when in an expanded (e.g., fully expanded) state. Additionally, the phrase “generally spherical” distinguishes the device 110, which is generally uniform in each dimension in an expanded state, from tubular stents having a small radial dimension and a large longitudinal dimension in an expanded state. In some embodiments of a generally spherical device, an outer periphery of the device has a shape that deviates by between about 10% and about 25% from an outer periphery of a mathematically perfect sphere. In some embodiments, the device 110 has a length and a width that are within less than about 33% of each other (e.g., having a length of 6 mm and a width of 8 mm, having a length of 6 mm and a width of 8 mm). Embodiments in which the width is greater than the length may be advantageous due to a difference in porosity at a midpoint and an end proximate to an aneurysm. Embodiments in which the length is greater than the width may be advantageous for positioning a portion of the device 110 in a portion of the aneurysm 20 (e.g., to aid in embolization).

The device 110 comprises a first or distal end 111 and a second or proximal end 112 substantially opposite the first end 111. The device 110 further comprises a plurality of filaments 114 extending between the first end 111 and the second end 112. In the device 110 illustrated in FIG. 11, the first end 111 extends inwardly and the second end 112 extends outwardly to form a generally spherical shape similar to a pumpkin, a garlic bulb, or a rutabaga. In some embodiments, the filaments 114 are coupled at a position proximal to a bend at a distal end of the device 110 (e.g., as illustrated by the dimension din FIG. 11). In certain embodiments, the filaments 114 are coupled at the first end 111 and/or the second end 112 (e.g., by adhering, welding, soldering, combinations thereof, and the like). In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11, the device 110 comprises a lead or tail 113, which may be used for releasing and/or retracting the device 110 after deployment, as described herein. In certain embodiments, the device 110 comprises a cut metallic sphere, a single filament, etc. It will be appreciated that a device in which the first end extends outwardly and the second end extends inwardly and a device in which the first end extends inwardly and the second end extends inwardly are also possible.

In certain embodiments, the device 110 is configured to be positioned at a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., a neurovascular bifurcation) comprising at least one afferent vessel, efferent vessels, and an aneurysm having a fundus and a neck. For example, in some embodiments, the device 110 is suitably dimensioned to fit in a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., having a diameter between about 2 mm and about 12 mm, having a diameter between about 6 mm and about 8 mm, having a diameter less than about 12 mm, having a diameter greater than about 2 mm). For another example, in some embodiments, the device 110 is less rigid than a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., due to the number of filaments 114, the material of the filaments 114, the thickness of the filaments 114, the spacing of the filaments 114, the shape of the filaments 114, combinations thereof, and the like). In certain embodiments, the device 110 is configured to act as a scaffolding to inhibit or prevent herniation or prolapse of objects (e.g., embolization coils, thrombi, etc.) out of a neck of an aneurysm. For example, in some embodiments, the filaments 114 are dense enough at the neck of the aneurysm that objects cannot pass. In certain embodiments, the device 110 is configured to permit perfusion of fluid (e.g., blood) to efferent vessels of a bifurcation. For example, in some embodiments, the device 110 is substantially devoid of a covering, mesh, or other material between the filaments 114, thereby allowing fluid to flow substantially unimpeded.

In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 114 comprises a self-expanding and/or a shape-memory material (e.g., comprising Nitinol, CoCr alloy, etc.), thereby causing the device 110 to be self-expanding under certain conditions (e.g., not restrained by a catheter). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 114 comprises a different material than others of the filaments 114 (e.g., some filaments 114 comprising Nitinol and some filaments 114 comprising Nitinol and platinum). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 114 comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In certain such embodiments, an even number of filaments 84 (e.g., two, four, etc.) comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum) at least partially wrapped (e.g., coiled) around a self-expanding material (e.g., Nitinol). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a self-expanding material with a radiopaque core (e.g., Nitinol with a platinum core) or a radiopaque coating (e.g., Nitinol coated with platinum, tantalum, etc. by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plating, etc.). It will be appreciated that the amount and type of radiopaque material used may depend, inter alia, on price, desired level of radiopacity, mechanical properties of the radiopaque material, and corrosion properties of the radiopaque material. In certain embodiments, the filaments 114 have a substantially circular or ovoid cross section (e.g., embodiments, in which the filaments 84 comprise separate wires). In some embodiments, the filaments 114 have a substantially rectangular or flat cross section (e.g., embodiments, in which the filaments 84 comprise uncut portions of a metallic tube). Other shapes of filaments 114 and combinations of shapes of filaments 114 are also possible. In certain embodiments, the plurality of filaments 84 comprises between about six and about twelve filaments 114. In certain embodiments, the plurality of filaments 114 comprises at least about six filaments 114, at least about eight filaments 114, or at least about twelve filaments 114. Other numbers of filaments 114 are also possible.

In certain embodiments, at least some of the filaments 114 comprise a polymer. In some embodiments, at least some of the filaments 114 comprise a polymer that is bioabsorbable. In certain embodiments, at least some of the filaments 114 comprise polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), naturally-derived bioabsorbable polymers (NDB), or combinations thereof (e.g., a first group of the filaments 114 comprising PGA and a second group of the filaments 114 comprising PLA, PLGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 114 comprising PLA and a second group of the filaments 114 comprising PGA, PLGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 114 comprising PLGA and a second group of the filaments 114 comprising PLA, PGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 114 comprising PCL and a second group of the filaments 114 comprising PGA, PLA, PLGA, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 114 comprising NDB and a second group of the filaments 114 comprising PGA, PLA, PLGA, and/or PCL, etc.). Other polymers are also possible. PGA, PLA, PLGA, PCL, and NDB are all bioabsorbable; however they have different rates of bioabsorption. The bioabsorption rates of a single polymer can also vary based on, for example, blood characteristics, blood flow, filament 114 dimensions, etc. PLA has the longest bioabsorption rate. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about ten months. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about one year. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about fourteen months. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is between about 10 months and about 14 months (e.g., about one year). In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PGA is between about 1 week and about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PGA is between about 2 weeks and about 4 weeks. The bioabsorption rates of PLGA, PCL, and NDB are generally between the bioabsorption rates of PLA and PGA, and may depend on parameters such as, for example, molecular weight (e.g., generally the higher the molecular weight, the longer the bioabsorption rate), structure (e.g., depending on the arrangement of repeating units), etc. of the polymer. In some embodiments, PLGA, PCL, and NDB may have a bioabsorption rate between about 4 weeks and about 1 year. The bioabsorption rate generally refers to the time lose about 50% of strength. The polymer(s) used in the device 110 may be selected based on the amount of time an aneurysm may take to thrombose (e.g., based on fundus size, neck width, etc.). For example, if an aneurysm is expected to take one month to thrombose and the device 110 is expected to persist through thrombosis but not long thereafter, PGA may be selected. The polymer(s) used in the device 110 may be selected based on the amount of time an aneurysm may take to obliterate (e.g., based on fundus size, neck width, etc.). For example, if an aneurysm is expected to take one year to obliterate and the device 110 is expected to persist through obliteration, PLA may be selected. Other polymers or combinations of polymers can be selected based on the particular aneurysm to be treated and the desired action and/or persistence of the device 110 with respect to the aneurysm. Other selection criteria are also possible. Different combinations of polymers with different rates of bioabsorption can allow for selection of a desired rate of bioabsorption for the device 110. For example, a device 110 with a combination of PGA and PLA filaments 114 may have a rate of bioabsorption in between the rate of bioabsorption of a device 110 comprising only filaments 114 comprising PGA and the rate of bioabsorption of a device 110 comprising only filaments 114 comprising PLA. In some embodiments, the coupling of the filaments 114 may also comprise a bioabsorbable polymer. For example, the filaments 114 may be coupled at the proximal end 112 of the device 110 by intertwining the bioabsorbable filaments 114 or the filaments 114 may be coupled at the proximal end 112 of the device 110 using a separate bioabsorbable component.

As described herein, certain embodiments comprising bioabsorbable filaments (e.g., the filaments 114) can be advantageous in conjunction with permanent placement of the device (e.g., the device 110). In certain embodiments in which the coupling of the proximal end 112 of the device 110 comprises a bioabsorbable polymer, the coupling may absorb over time, releasing the filaments 114. Once released, the filaments 114 may extend towards and may flatten against the wall of the afferent vessel. This capability may advantageously clear the interior section of the afferent vessel, restoring normal blood flow therein (e.g., in embodiments in which the coupled proximal end may have altered blood flow). In some embodiments, this capability may clear the interior section of the afferent vessel before bioabsorption of the filament 114 is complete. In certain such embodiments, the coupling may comprise a material that bioabsorbs faster than the filaments (e.g., the coupling comprising PGA and the filaments comprising PLA).

The device 110 comprises a plurality of perforations or cells 116 between the filaments 114. In certain embodiments, a percentage of the outer surface of the device 110 covered by the filaments 114 is between about 25% and about 40%. In certain embodiments, a percentage of the outer surface of the device 110 covered by the cells 116 is between about 60% and about 75%. Other porosities are also possible. In some embodiments, porosity distally increases between the second end 112 and an approximate midpoint and distally decreases between the approximate midpoint and the first end 111.

In some embodiments, the device 110 further comprises a radiopaque marker 118 proximate to the first end 111 and/or a radiopaque marker 119 proximate to the second end 112. In certain embodiments, the radiopaque marker 118 may extend at least partially into the aneurysm 20 when the device 110 is positioned at the junction of a bifurcation. In some embodiments, the radiopaque markers 118, 119 may comprise a sleeve situated or wrapped around the filaments 114, thereby coupling the filaments 114. The radiopaque markers 118, 119 may aid in positioning the device 110 at the junction of a bifurcation.

In some embodiments, the device 110 further comprises a covering (e.g., comprising a porous or non-porous polymer) proximate to the first end 111. In some embodiments, the covering improves the scaffolding properties of the device 110 by reducing the porosity at the first end 111, thereby further inhibiting the herniation or prolapse of embolic material from the aneurysm 20. In certain embodiments, the covering may be attached to the device 110 by sewing the covering from a pre-formed thin film. In certain embodiments, the covering may be mechanically attached (e.g., wrapped around, looped through, etc.) the filaments 114. In certain embodiments, the covering may be deposited (e.g., via physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc.) on the filaments 114. Other portions of the device 110 may also comprise a covering.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example embodiment of treating an aneurysm 20 using the device 110. The junction at the bifurcation 60, including the treated aneurysm 20, illustrated in FIG. 12 may be the result of performing a method similar to the method described with respect to FIGS. 9A-9C, the result of performing a method similar to the method described with respect to FIGS. 10A-10C, combinations thereof, and the like.

As described above, the term “bifurcation” described herein is not limited to the particular vasculature illustrated in FIGS. 6A-7C, 9A-10C, and 12, for example having efferent vessels at substantially different angles, having efferent vessels that are substantially different sizes, and/or having a different quantity of efferent vessels and/or the aneurysm of the bifurcation may be offset with respect to the junction (e.g., having a neck substantially open to one efferent vessel), tilted with respect to a plane created by the vessels (e.g., into or out of the page), etc.

FIG. 13 illustrates still another example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device 130. It will be appreciated that the device 130 may be more compliant than the vasculature in which it is deployed such that it may be somewhat misshapen (e.g., non-spherical) after being deployed, and that the phrase “generally spherical” describes the shape of the device 130 when in an expanded (e.g., fully expanded) state. Additionally, the phrase “generally spherical” distinguishes the device 130, which is generally uniform in each dimension in an expanded state, from tubular stents having a small radial dimension and a large longitudinal dimension in an expanded state. In some embodiments of a generally spherical device, an outer periphery of the device has a shape that deviates by between about 10% and about 25% from an outer periphery of a mathematically perfect sphere. In some embodiments, the device 130 has a length and a width that are within less than about 33% of each other (e.g., having a length of 6 mm and a width of 8 mm, having a length of 6 mm and a width of 8 mm). Embodiments in which the width is greater than the length may be advantageous due to a difference in porosity at a midpoint and an end proximate to an aneurysm. Embodiments in which the length is greater than the width may be advantageous for positioning a portion of the device 130 in a portion of the aneurysm 20 (e.g., to aid in embolization).

The device 130 comprises a first or distal end 131 and a second or proximal end 132 substantially opposite the first end 131. The device 130 further comprises a plurality of filaments 134 extending between the first end 131 and the second end 132. In the device 130 illustrated in FIG. 13, the first end 131 extends outwardly and the second end 132 extends outwardly to form a generally spherical shape similar to a twisted sphere (e.g., after rotating one or both ends 81, 82 of the device 80 illustrated in FIG. 8 with respect to each other). In certain embodiments, the filaments 134 are coupled at the first end 131 and/or the second end 132 (e.g., by adhering, welding, soldering, combinations thereof, and the like). In contrast to the filaments 84 of the device 80 illustrated in FIG. 8, which in some embodiments are straight enough to form a plane, the filaments 134 of the device 130 are longitudinally angled at or adjacent to at least the second end 132. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13, the device 130 comprises a lead or tail 133, which may be used for releasing and/or retracting the device 130 after deployment, as described herein. In some embodiments, deployment and/or retraction of the device 130 uses less force than retraction of, for example, the devices 50, 80, 110. In certain embodiments, the device 130 comprises a cut metallic sphere, a single filament, etc.

In certain embodiments, the device 130 is configured to be positioned at a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., a neurovascular bifurcation) comprising at least one afferent vessel, efferent vessels, and an aneurysm having a fundus and a neck. For example, in some embodiments, the device 130 is suitably dimensioned to fit in a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., having a diameter between about 2 mm and about 12 mm, having a diameter between about 6 mm and about 8 mm, having a diameter less than about 12 mm, having a diameter greater than about 2 mm). For another example, in some embodiments, the device 130 is less rigid than a junction of a bifurcation (e.g., due to the number of filaments 134, the material of the filaments 134, the thickness of the filaments 134, the spacing of the filaments 134, the shape of the filaments 134, combinations thereof, and the like). In certain embodiments, the device 130 is configured to act as a scaffolding to inhibit or prevent herniation or prolapse of objects (e.g., embolization coils, thrombi, etc.) out of a neck of an aneurysm. For example, in some embodiments, the filaments 134 are dense enough at the neck of the aneurysm that objects cannot pass. In certain embodiments, the device 130 is configured to permit perfusion of fluid (e.g., blood) to efferent vessels of a bifurcation. For example, in some embodiments, the device 130 is substantially devoid of a covering, mesh, or other material between the filaments 134, thereby allowing fluid to flow substantially unimpeded.

In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 134 comprises a self-expanding and/or a shape-memory material (e.g., comprising Nitinol, CoCr alloy, etc.), thereby causing the device 130 to be self-expanding under certain conditions (e.g., not restrained by a catheter). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 134 comprises a different material than others of the filaments 134 (e.g., some filaments 134 comprising Nitinol and some filaments 134 comprising Nitinol and platinum). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 134 comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In certain such embodiments, an even number of filaments 84 (e.g., two, four, etc.) comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a radiopaque material (e.g., platinum) at least partially wrapped (e.g., coiled) around a self-expanding material (e.g., Nitinol). In some embodiments, at least one of the filaments 84 comprises a self-expanding material with a radiopaque core (e.g., Nitinol with a platinum core) or a radiopaque coating (e.g., Nitinol coated with platinum, tantalum, etc. by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, plating, etc.). It will be appreciated that the amount and type of radiopaque material used may depend, inter alia, on price, desired level of radiopacity, mechanical properties of the radiopaque material, and corrosion properties of the radiopaque material. In certain embodiments, the filaments 134 have a substantially circular or ovoid cross section (e.g., embodiments, in which the filaments 84 comprise separate wires). In some embodiments, the filaments 134 have a substantially rectangular or flat cross section (e.g., embodiments, in which the filaments 84 comprise uncut portions of a metallic tube). Other shapes of filaments 134 and combinations of shapes of filaments 134 are also possible. In certain embodiments, the plurality of filaments 84 comprises between about six and about twelve filaments 134. In certain embodiments, the plurality of filaments 134 comprises at least about six filaments 134, at least about eight filaments 134, or at least about twelve filaments 134. Other numbers of filaments 134 are also possible.

In certain embodiments, at least some of the filaments 134 comprise a polymer. In some embodiments, at least some of the filaments 134 comprise a polymer that is bioabsorbable. In certain embodiments, at least some of the filaments 134 comprise polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), naturally-derived bioabsorbable polymers (NDB), or combinations thereof (e.g., a first group of the filaments 134 comprising PGA and a second group of the filaments 134 comprising PLA, PLGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 134 comprising PLA and a second group of the filaments 134 comprising PGA, PLGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 134 comprising PLGA and a second group of the filaments 134 comprising PLA, PGA, PCL, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 134 comprising PCL and a second group of the filaments 134 comprising PGA, PLA, PLGA, and/or NDB, a first group of the filaments 134 comprising NDB and a second group of the filaments 134 comprising PGA, PLA, PLGA, and/or PCL, etc.). Other polymers are also possible. PGA, PLA, PLGA, PCL, and NDB are all bioabsorbable; however they have different rates of bioabsorption. The bioabsorption rates of a single polymer can also vary based on, for example, blood characteristics, blood flow, filament 134 dimensions, etc. PLA has the longest bioabsorption rate. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about ten months. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about one year. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is at least about fourteen months. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PLA is between about 10 months and about 14 months (e.g., about one year). In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PGA is between about 1 week and about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, the bioabsorption rate of PGA is between about 2 weeks and about 4 weeks. The bioabsorption rates of PLGA, PCL, and NDB are generally between the bioabsorption rates of PLA and PGA, and may depend on parameters such as, for example, molecular weight (e.g., generally the higher the molecular weight, the longer the bioabsorption rate), structure (e.g., depending on the arrangement of repeating units), etc. of the polymer. In some embodiments, PLGA, PCL, and NDB may have a bioabsorption rate between about 4 weeks and about 1 year. The bioabsorption rate generally refers to the time lose about 50% of strength. The polymer(s) used in the device 130 may be selected based on the amount of time an aneurysm may take to thrombose (e.g., based on fundus size, neck width, etc.). For example, if an aneurysm is expected to take one month to thrombose and the device 130 is expected to persist through thrombosis but not long thereafter, PGA may be selected. The polymer(s) used in the device 130 may be selected based on the amount of time an aneurysm may take to obliterate (e.g., based on fundus size, neck width, etc.). For example, if an aneurysm is expected to take one year to obliterate and the device 130 is expected to persist through obliteration, PLA may be selected. Other polymers or combinations of polymers can be selected based on the particular aneurysm to be treated and the desired action and/or persistence of the device 130 with respect to the aneurysm. Other selection criteria are also possible. Different combinations of polymers with different rates of bioabsorption can allow for selection of a desired rate of bioabsorption for the device 130. For example, a device 130 with a combination of PGA and PLA filaments 134 may have a rate of bioabsorption in between the rate of bioabsorption of a device 130 comprising only filaments 134 comprising PGA and the rate of bioabsorption of a device 130 comprising only filaments 134 comprising PLA. In some embodiments, the coupling of the filaments 134 may also comprise a bioabsorbable polymer. For example, the filaments 134 may be coupled at the proximal end 132 of the device 130 by intertwining the bioabsorbable filaments 134 or the filaments 134 may be coupled at the proximal end 132 of the device 130 using a separate bioabsorbable component.

As described herein, certain embodiments comprising bioabsorbable filaments (e.g., the filaments 134) can be advantageous in conjunction with permanent placement of the device (e.g., the device 130). In certain embodiments in which the coupling of the proximal end 132 of the device 130 comprises a bioabsorbable polymer, the coupling may absorb over time, releasing the filaments 134. Once released, the filaments 134 may extend towards and may flatten against the wall of the afferent vessel. This capability may advantageously clear the interior section of the afferent vessel, restoring normal blood flow therein (e.g., in embodiments in which the coupled proximal end may have altered blood flow). In some embodiments, this capability may clear the interior section of the afferent vessel before bioabsorption of the filament 134 is complete. In certain such embodiments, the coupling may comprise a material that bioabsorbs faster than the filaments (e.g., the coupling comprising PGA and the filaments comprising PLA).

The device 130 comprises a plurality of perforations or cells 136 between the filaments 134. In certain embodiments, a percentage of the outer surface of the device 130 covered by the filaments 134 is between about 25% and about 40%. In certain embodiments, a percentage of the outer surface of the device 130 covered by the cells 136 is between about 60% and about 75%. Other porosities are also possible. In some embodiments, porosity distally increases between the second end 132 and an approximate midpoint and distally decreases between the approximate midpoint and the first end 131.

In some embodiments, the device 130 further comprises a radiopaque marker 138 proximate to the first end 131 and/or a radiopaque marker 139 proximate to the second end 132. In certain embodiments, the radiopaque marker 138 may extend at least partially into the aneurysm 20 when the device 130 is positioned at the junction of a bifurcation. In some embodiments, the radiopaque markers 138, 139 may comprise a sleeve situated or wrapped around the filaments 134, thereby coupling the filaments 134. The radiopaque markers 138, 139 may aid in positioning the device 130 at the junction of a bifurcation.

In some embodiments, the device 130 further comprises a covering (e.g., comprising a porous or non-porous polymer) proximate to the first end 131. In some embodiments, the covering improves the scaffolding properties of the device 130 by reducing the porosity at the first end 131, thereby further inhibiting the herniation or prolapse of embolic material from the aneurysm 20. In certain embodiments, the covering may be attached to the device 130 by sewing the covering from a pre-formed thin film. In certain embodiments, the covering may be mechanically attached (e.g., wrapped around, looped through, etc.) the filaments 134. In certain embodiments, the covering may be deposited (e.g., via physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc.) on the filaments 134. Other portions of the device 130 may also comprise a covering.

The device 130 may be positioned and retracted as described, for example, by performing a method similar to the method described with respect to FIGS. 9A-9C, by performing a method similar to the method described with respect to FIGS. 10A-10C, combinations thereof, and the like. As described above, the device 130 may be particularly advantageous for embodiments in which retraction and redeployment of the device 130 is likely.

FIG. 14 illustrates an example embodiment of a generally spherical vascular remodeling device 140 (e.g., having a football shape similar to the device 80) at a stage of an example manufacturing process comprising cutting and shaping a metallic tube (e.g., a laser cut hypotube). In some embodiments, the starting tube has a diameter between about 0.5 mm and about 3 mm or between about 1 mm and about 2 mm (e.g., about 1 mm, about 1.5 mm, about 2 mm, etc.). Other diameters are also possible. The device has a first or distal end 141 and a second or proximal end 142 substantially opposite the first end 141. A laser may cut out portions 146 of the tube, leaving a plurality of filaments 144 extending between the first end 141 and the second end 142. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 14, the filaments 144 are coupled at the first end 141 and the second end 142 (e.g., due to being integrally formed with the metallic tube and not cut away from each other). In some embodiments, a lead or tail, which may be used for releasing and/or retracting the device 140 after deployment, as described herein, may be attached to the device 140 (e.g., by adhering, soldering, welding, etc.). In certain embodiments, a tail 143 may be integral with the device 140 by being defined by the cut tube.

In some embodiments, the device 140 further comprises a radiopaque marker 148 proximate to the first end 141 and/or a radiopaque marker 149 proximate to the second end 142. In certain embodiments, the radiopaque marker 148 may extend at least partially into the aneurysm 20 when the device 140 is positioned at the junction of a bifurcation. In some embodiments, the radiopaque markers 148, 149 may be integral with the device by being defined by the cut tube. The radiopaque markers 148, 149 may aid in positioning the device 140 at the junction of a bifurcation.

The cut tube can then be expanded into a generally spherical shape through shape setting using a heat treatment process. The shape setting process may include several steps comprising of successively increasing diameters of generally spherical shapes using appropriate tooling to stretch and confine the cut tube into a new shape while heat treating it. At the end of the each heat treatment step, the cut tube assumes the shape in which it was confined during the heat treatment process. This process is then repeated to form a slightly larger size and a shape closer to the end product. The final shape (e.g., a football shape similar to the device 80) and size may obtained by several such steps. Other devices described herein (e.g., the devices 50, 110, 130) may also be formed using cut a metallic tube that is reshaped after being cut, although it will be appreciated that the pattern of the initial cut may be different, such that details about possible materials, dimensions, porosities, deployment methods, possibly coverings, etc. are not provided.

The disclosures of U.S. Provisional Patent App. No. 61/082,579, filed Jul. 22, 2008, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/506,945, filed Jul. 21, 2009, may be relevant to certain of the generally spherical vascular remodeling devices described herein, and the disclosure each of those applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Certain devices described herein may be advantageously used to treat aneurysms having a neck ratio (a ratio of fundus width to neck width) greater than about 2 to 1 and/or a neck width greater than about 4 mm. In treatment of such aneurysms, embolization coils may be prone to herniating into parent vessels because the size and/or shape of the aneurysm is not conducive to maintaining the coils in their inserted locus. In certain such embodiments, embolization coils are inserted in the fundus of the aneurysm after positioning a generally spherical device so that the embolization coils do not have an opportunity to herniate. It will be appreciated that certain devices described herein may also be used to treat aneurysms having a neck ratio less than about 2 to 1 and/or a neck width less than about 4 mm. In certain such embodiments, embolization coils are inserted in the fundus of the aneurysm before positioning a generally spherical device.

Certain devices described herein may advantageously be a single generally spherical device placed at a junction of a bifurcation rather than a plurality of tubular bifurcations. Certain such devices can span a neck of an aneurysm as well as arterial ostia. Positioning such devices may be less complicated, thereby reducing risks associated with, for example, than ensuring that a tubular device is properly anchored in an afferent vessel and in an efferent vessel.

In some embodiments in which embolic material was previously inserted in an aneurysm but has herniated, certain devices described herein may be used as a “rescue device” to push the herniated material back into the aneurysm and to act as a scaffolding to inhibit or prevent further herniation or prolapse of the embolic material. In certain such embodiments, deployment of such devices may advantageously avoid traversal of the junction comprising the herniated material by wires or a catheter (e.g., there is no need to traverse wires or a catheter past the junction into an efferent vessel for positioning of the device as is generally needed to position tubular devices such as the devices 42, 44 illustrated in FIG. 4B and 4C), which may cause the herniated material to become tangled and/or dislodged and which may cause rupture of the aneurysm.

Although this invention has been disclosed in the context of certain embodiments and examples, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the invention extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses of the invention and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof. In addition, while several variations of the embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail, other modifications, which are within the scope of this invention, will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure. It is also contemplated that various combinations or sub-combinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the invention. It should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combined with, or substituted for, one another in order to form varying modes of the embodiments of the disclosed invention. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular embodiments described above. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating an aneurysm at a junction of a bifurcation having an afferent vessel and efferent vessels, the aneurysm having a neck and a fundus, the method comprising: advancing a catheter proximate to the junction of the bifurcation, the catheter at least partially containing a generally spherical vascular remodeling device in a compressed state, wherein the device comprises a plurality of polymer filaments; positioning the device at the junction of the bifurcation; and withdrawing the catheter and leaving the device at the junction of the bifurcation, wherein a distal end of the device acts as a scaffolding to inhibit herniation of objects out of the neck of the aneurysm and wherein the device permits perfusion of fluid to the efferent vessels, and wherein proximal ends of the plurality of polymer filaments are coupled together by a bioabsorbable coupling at a proximal end of the device, wherein the coupling is configured to bioabsorb more quickly than does the plurality of polymer filaments, and wherein the proximal ends of the plurality of polymer filaments are configured to extend toward the afferent vessel after bioabsorption of the coupling.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least some of the polymer filaments comprise polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly-epsilon-caprolactone, or naturally-derived bioabsorbable polymers.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein a first group of the polymer filaments comprise a first polymer having a first rate of bioabsorption and wherein a second group of the polymer filaments comprise a second polymer different than the first polymer, the second polymer having a second rate of bioabsorption different that the first rate of bioabsorption.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the bifurcation is a neurovascular bifurcation.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the device substantially conforms to a shape of the junction.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning the device comprises: deploying the device from the catheter; and expanding the device.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein expanding the device comprises allowing the device to expand towards an uncompressed state.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein positioning the device further comprises, after expanding the device, releasing the device from the catheter.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein releasing the device comprises mechanically releasing or electrolytically releasing the device from the catheter.
 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising: after expanding the device, retracting the device into the catheter; redeploying the device from the catheter; and re-expanding the device.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising inserting embolic material in the fundus of the aneurysm, the objects comprising the embolic material. 